George Perkins Marsh

George Perkins Marsh
Born	March 15, 1801(1801-03-15) Woodstock, Vermont, U.S.
Died	July 23, 1882(1882-07-23) (aged 81) Vallombrosa, Italy

George Perkins Marsh (March 15, 1801 – July 23, 1882), an American diplomat and philologist, is considered by some to be America's first environmentalist,^[1] although "conservationist" would be more accurate. The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in Vermont takes its name, in part, from Marsh.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Bibliography 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links

Biography

George Perkins Marsh was born in Woodstock, Vermont, to a prominent family. His father, Charles Marsh, had been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. George Marsh graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, in 1816 and from Dartmouth College with highest honors in 1820, was admitted to the bar in 1825, and practiced law in Burlington, Vermont; he also devoted himself to philological studies. In 1835 he was appointed to the Executive Council of Vermont, and from 1843 to 1849 was a Whig representative in Congress. In 1849 President Zachary Taylor appointed Marsh United States minister resident in the Ottoman Empire. In 1852–1853, he discharged a mission to Greece in connection with the imprisonment of an American missionary, Dr. Jonas King (1792–1869). He returned to Vermont in 1854, and in 1857 was a member of the state railway commission. In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Marsh the first United States minister to the Kingdom of Italy. Marsh would go on to be the longest-serving chief of mission in U.S. history, serving as envoy for twenty-one years until his death at Vallombrosa in 1882.^[2] He is buried at the Protestant Cemetery in Rome.

Marsh was an able linguist, able to both speak and write fluently in Scandinavian and half a dozen other European languages. He was a remarkable philologist for his day, and a scholar of great breadth, knowing much of military science, engraving and physics, as well as Icelandic, which was his specialty. He wrote many articles for Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia, and contributed many reviews and letters to the Nation. His chief published works are:

• A Compendious Grammar of the Old Northern or Icelandic Language (1838), compiled and translated from the grammars of Rask
• The Camel, his Organization, Habits, and Uses, with Reference to his Introduction into the United States (1856)
• Lectures on the English Language (1860)
• The Origin and History of the English Language (1862; revised ed., 1885)
• Man and Nature (1864)

The last-named work was translated into Italian in 1872, and, largely rewritten, was issued in 1874 under the title The Earth as Modified by Human Action; a revised edition was published in 1885. He also published a work on Mediaeval and Modern Saints and Miracles (1876).

Man and Nature constituted an early work of ecology, and played a role in the creation of the Adirondack Park. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification. Referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."

His second wife, Caroline (Crane) Marsh (1816–1901), whom he married in 1839, published Wolfe of the Knoll and other Poems (1860), and the Life and Letters of George Perkins Marsh (New York, 1888). This last work was left incomplete, the second volume never having been published. She also translated from the German of Johann C. Biernatzki (1795–1840), The Hallig; or the Sheepfold in the Waters (1856). (See "Hallig").

Bibliography

• A Compendious Grammar of the Old Northern or Icelandic Language (1838)
• The Camel, his Organization, Habits, and Uses, with Reference to his Introduction into the United States (1856)
• Lectures on the English Language (1860)
• The Origin and History of the English Language (1862)
• Man and Nature (1864)
• The Earth as Modified by Human Action (1874; rev. ed., 1885)

See also

• Environmentalism
• Environmental Movement

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Further reading

• Garvey, T. Gregory. “The Civic Intent of George Perkins Marsh’s Anthrocentric Environmentalism,” New England Quarterly, 82 (March 2009), 80–111.
• David Lowenthal. George Perkins Marsh: Prophet of Conservation. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000.
• Jane and Will Curtis and Frank Lieberman. The World of George Perkins Marsh. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 1982.
• Marcus Hall, ed. The Nature of G.P. Marsh: Tradition and Historical Judgement. Special issue of Environment and History, 10:2 (May 2004).

External links

• George Perkins Marsh at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• George Perkins Marsh Online Research Center, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Library
• Inventory of the George Perkins Marsh Collection, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library
• The George Perkins Marsh Institute at Clark University
• Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historic Park
• Works by George Perkins Marsh at Project Gutenberg

United States House of Representatives
Preceded by Horace Everett	U.S. Representative from Vermont 1843–1849	Succeeded by James Meacham

Persondata
Name	Marsh, George Perkins
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	March 15, 1801
Place of birth	Woodstock, Vermont, U.S.
Date of death	July 23, 1882
Place of death	Vallombrosa, Italy